New delhi, Aug 1
India will overtake China as the
world’s most populous nation by 2022, says a new UN report that revises
its previous estimates, which put the date around 2028.
In
2015, India had 1.311 billion people, according to the UN’s
new estimates, against China’s 1.376 billion, a difference of 65
million.
India was earlier estimated to reach 1.35 billion by
2020, against China’s 1.43 billion. Only by 2028 was India estimated to
have 1.454 billion, against 1.453 billion in China.
If the new
projections hold good, India will also be – or continue to be – far more
densely populated than China. India’s population density is already
more than double that of China’s, which has 141 people per sq km against
India’s 382 people per sq km.
How the date moved from 2050 to 2022
India’s
population ascendancy was first estimated to take place in 2050, then
gradually lowered to 2040 and then 2030, said Prof Siva Raju, Chair of
the Centre for Population, Health and Development at the Tata Institute
of Social Sciences in Mumbai.
But the UN’s projections have
changed, with China’s population growth rate decelerating much faster
than India’s, which explains why India will top the world’s list in
2022.
The two giants, China and India, now have 19 percent and
18 percent of the world’s population, states the UN report released on
July 29.
China’s fertility rates – the average number of
children a woman can be expected to bear during her lifetime – have
dropped much lower than India’s, which is why its population is growing
less than India’s.
Overall, India had seen an appreciable
decline in its fertility over the years to 2.48 from 5.9 in 1951, though
that process was faster in China, which had a fertility rate of 6.11 in
1951. India’s higher fertility contributed to the higher population
growth.
Lastly, the population growth of China in recent years
was mainly due to “population momentum†(the population’s total
fertility has fallen below the replacement level since the early 1990s)
and this will also contribute to the population growth in India for the
coming decades.
Over the last decade, from 2001-2011, India’s
population grew at only 1.64 percent per year against 1.96 percent in
previous decade.
Government’s estimates overwhelmed – or are they?
In
May, Health Minister J.P. Nadda told the Rajya Sabha that India’s
population would cross China’s by 2028. He cited the UN’s 2012 Revision.
However,
he defended the government’s population control measures, which lowered
the decadal growth rate from 21.54 percent for 1991-2000 to 17.64
percent during 2001-11.
Some experts believe that the UN’s
revised estimates are just projections, which may or may not
materialise. India’s population will certainly overtake that of China’s,
but the exact year could vary.
The revised estimates are a
revision based on actual growth, which is different from the growth
projected earlier, according to Sona Sharma, Joint Director, Advocacy
& Communications of the Population Foundation of India, a
Delhi-based non-governmental research group.
India wasn’t growing faster than imagined; its decadal growth rate had declined, she observed.
India’s
bulge was also due to its huge population of young people in the
reproductive age, which contributed to its population momentum.
China’s
was a hugely mixed story, Sharma believed. It had developed at the
grassroots since the 1970s by investing in education and health, unlike
India.
Its fertility rates began to decline even before the
imposition of the one-child policy. Most in India would find this policy
undemocratic in that it deprives a family of taking its own decisions
about having more than one child.
However, India’s family
planning programme – one of the first and biggest in the world, when
launched in the 1950s - suffered a setback during the forced
sterilisation of women and men during the national emergency between
1975 and 1977, the 40th anniversary of which was observed in June.
The real lesson lies in social progress – Kerala shows the way
The
real lesson of the discrepancy between China and India lay in the
former’s better social progress indicators across all fronts, as the UN
Development Programme’s Human Development Reports indicate year after
year, said Sharma.
Kerala and Sri Lanka have proved exceptions in
that they reached the replacement level of 2.1 (children born to a
woman) even before China. All the southern states, except Karnataka, are
on the same path, asIndiaSpend previously reported.
As we can
see, the population in the southern states is stablising, even falling
below replacement levels. It is the northern states, primarily, with
their still-high fertility rates–although these have dropped–that
continue to boost India’s population.
The world’s population
projections are important because they have been released at a time when
the UN’s Millennium Goals, the deadline for which was this year, are
being replaced this year by the much more ambitious Sustainable
Development Goals, all of which are measured by the population reached.
(In
arrangement with IndiaSpend.org, a data-driven, non-profit,
public interest journalism platform. Daryl D'Monte is Chairperson, Forum
of Environmental Journalists of India. He can be contacted at
[email protected]. The views expressed are personal)
